After reviewing the advance copy from Netgalley, I bought a paper copy for myself. I am considering whether to review it for a magazine or journal.

THE END OF THE MYTH by Greg Grandin (Fordlandia) is subtitled "From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America." Grandin begins with a reference to Frederick Jackson Turner in the very first sentence of his introduction, soon noting that "the kind of Americanism Turner represented took all the unbounded optimism that went into the founding of the United States and bet that the country's progress, moving forward on the frontier and into the world, would reduce racism to a remnant ... would dilute other social problems as well, ... teaching diverse people how to live together in peace." Contrast that with Grandin's last sentence, quoting Donald Trump on keeping out Central American asylum seekers: "Barbed wire can be a beautiful sight." In between, Grandin uses chapters with titles like "All that Space," "The Safety Valve," "A Psychological Twist," and "More, More, More" to explore America's border myth, expansionist policies, changing identity, and recent disenchantment. Called "troubling, but inspiring," this new, and at times controversial, work by an award-winning author contains roughly sixty pages of notes and a detailed index.

Every so often you read a piece of history that is blistering, refreshing, and utterly compelling. Such is historian Greg Grandin’s The End of the Myth: From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America. This book explores the ways in which the frontier as a concept, a myth, and an ideology has remained central to how America has conceived of itself and how, in the latter part of the 20th and the early 21st Centuries, the myth has at last begun to collapse upon itself.

The End of the Myth is roughly chronological, starting with the American Revolution (when the frontier was basically the Appalachians) and moving into such epochal events as the Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish American War, World War II, and the recent financial crisis. He has a keen eye for detail and an ability to parse primary texts to expose the assumptions undergirding ideologies. Indeed, so sharp is his close reading ability that I almost felt at times like I was reading a trained English professor (which, coming from me, is quite the compliment).

Two figures loom large in his analysis: Andrew Jackson and Frederick Jackson. The former was the first populist president, a man who based his “egalitarian” vision on the brutal exploitation and oppression of people of color and Native Americans. The latter was, arguably, one of the most influential historians of an era, one whose theorization of the frontier provided a set of parameters within which any discussion of this concept must take place.

As Grandin points out throughout the book, the frontier has, from the beginning, symbolized the political aspirations of the United States. That is to say, it has served a multitude of purposes: as a safety valve, as the engine of empire, as a means of social control. So long as there was a frontier, the inner problems facing American politics–white supremacy and all of its ugliness foremost among them–could be projected outward. Those toxic, destructive energies could be used to expand the boundaries of the nation, while simultaneously serving the needs of those in power.

Beyond the realities of the political, however, the frontier has also served as a unifying me The frontier, and the promise of infinity that it represents, allowed Americans to believe that they were immune to the cyclical nature of history, with its rise and fall of empires. The frontier promised perpetual growth. Because of the frontier, America could convince itself that it existed outside time itself, a fantasy that would inevitably come crashing down into ruin as the realities of the limitations of the frontier became more and more obvious as the 19th and 20th Centuries progressed.

As Grandin explains, now that the frontier has utterly closed, the very energies that it was meant to channel have redounded upon the country. In the wake of globalization, endless wars in the Middle East, and the financial meltdown of 2008, the proverbial chickens have come home to roost. The social unrest and problems that have always existed at the heart of America’s accomplishments–and which were, to an extent, deflected by the frontier–have now burst into the open. The wall, with all of its ugly rhetoric and racist overtones, is the ultimate physical symbol of the closing of the frontier.

Grandin pulls no punches in what he sees as the political ramifications of the frontier myth and its demise in the 21st Century. Sometimes, in fact, I found his political claims (and investments) overshadowing his historical consciousness, particularly in his analysis of the Clinton and Obama years (admittedly, this may be because of my own political investments). Nevertheless, I do think that there is a danger in allowing one’s political investments to so transparently mold the perspective one takes on events.

Despite that, this is the sort of bracing, politically-engaged history that is like a breath of fresh air. Grandin tears away the air of obfuscation that allows so many (particularly white) people to believe that the frontier is some sort of infinitely tappable resource that can be exploited at will. Just as importantly, Grandin suggests that, if we want to create a more just and equitable country, we must confront the very ugly and violent parts of our collective past. Only by confronting our original sins can we move forward into a hopefully bright future.

This an overheated polemic on the bloody expansion of the U.S. from the original 13 colonies to the entire land mass of the USA as it exists today. Grandin justly exposes the genocide against Native Americans and the barbarity of slavery, and how both of these were used to feed territorial expansion. Grandin also seems to conflate territorial expansion within the continent with imperialism and even more surprisingly with current trends in economic growth. Patricia Nelson Limerick and others have written better on this.