"Defending Sin" by Hans Madueme tackles the complex intersections between Christian theology, particularly the doctrine of sin, and the contemporary challenges posed by evolutionary biology and natural sciences. The book is structured into three main parts: Authority, Protology, and Hamartiology, each delving into the theological implications of scientific insights on the traditional Christian understanding of sin. Madueme’s work is scholarly yet accessible, aiming to provide a robust defense of the classical doctrine of sin in the face of modern scientific paradigms.

Setting the Stage: Changing Conceptions of Sin

Madueme begins by outlining the evolving conceptions of sin within the Christian discourse, influenced by scientific developments. He highlights the tension between traditional theological interpretations and contemporary scientific theories. The quote, "Christian theology here, if anywhere, wages war, pro aris et focis" (Madueme), sets the tone for the book’s argumentative and defensive posture against modern scientific challenges to the doctrine of sin.

Part One: Authority

Science, Theology, and Biblical Authority Madueme discusses the perceived conflict between scientific discoveries and biblical authority. He argues for the primacy of Scripture in theological discourse, even when it appears to contradict scientific evidence. He states, "The Bible was considered a source of truth about history, geography, nature, human origins, and whatever else its words happened to touch" (Madueme), emphasizing the Bible's comprehensive authority over various domains of knowledge.

Biblical Realism: A Dogmatic Proposal In this chapter, Madueme proposes 'Biblical Realism' as a framework for reconciling scriptural truths with scientific understanding. He advocates for an approach that respects both the inerrancy of Scripture and the insights provided by natural sciences, without compromising on either.

Part Two: Protology

Early Genesis and Extrabiblical Knowledge The author examines the Genesis account of creation and its alignment with extrabiblical sources of knowledge, particularly from the ancient Near East. He critiques the liberal theological tendency to dismiss the historicity of early Genesis, instead asserting its foundational role in understanding human origins and sin.

The Unity of the Human Race This chapter tackles the scientific debates around the origin of humans, particularly the idea that modern humans descended from a small population rather than a single pair (Adam and Eve). Madueme defends the theological necessity of a historical Adam and Eve for the Christian doctrine of sin.

The Doctrine of Original Goodness Madueme discusses the concept of 'original goodness' and its erosion through the act of original sin. He argues against modern reinterpretations that downplay or reject the notion of a fall from an originally good creation.

Part Three: Hamartiology

The Fall of Adam and Eve The author explicates the theological implications of the Fall, emphasizing its literal and historical necessity for understanding human sinfulness and the need for redemption through Christ.

Original Sin and the Biological Problem This chapter addresses the biological aspects of original sin, discussing how genetic and evolutionary theories impact the traditional understanding of sin's transmission. Madueme argues for a nuanced view that upholds the theological integrity of original sin while engaging with biological sciences.

Souls and the Nature of Sin The final chapter delves into the nature of the human soul and its relation to sin. Madueme critiques both physicalist and dualist anthropologies, advocating for a view that recognizes the spiritual and physical dimensions of sin without reducing it to mere biological determinism.

Conclusion: Science and the Evangelical Dogmatics of Sin

Madueme concludes by reflecting on the broader implications of his arguments for evangelical theology. He reasserts the importance of maintaining a biblically grounded doctrine of sin in the face of scientific challenges, stating, "The authority of the Holy Scripture...dependeth not upon the testimony of any man, or church; but wholly upon God" (Madueme).

There is a growth of interest to doctrine of sin in this era of human flourishing, that has been deeply influenced by evolution and natural sciences. This is very important because to misunderstand doctrine of sin means a huge difference on how we accept the doctrine of salvation in our life. Hans Madueme make a very well established critics to theistic evolution in my opinion.